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Technology Development

Smart Grid: a demanding use case for 5G technologies
Helen C. Leligou, Theodore Zahariadis, Lambros Sarakis, Eleftherios Tsampasis

Abstract

The energy sector represents undoubtedly one of the most significant “test cases” for 5G enabling technologies, due to the need of addressing a huge range of very diverse requirements to deal with across a variety of applications (stringent capacity for smart metering/AMI versus latency for supervisory control and fault localization). However, to effectively support energy utilities along their transition towards more decentralized renewable-oriented systems, several open issues still remain as to 5G networks management automation, security, resilience, scalability and portability. To face these issues, we outline a novel 5G PPP-compliant software framework specifically tailored to the energy domain, which combines i) trusted, scalable and lock-in free plug ‘n’ play support for a variety of constrained devices; ii) 5G devices’ abstractions to demonstrate mMTC (massive Machine Type Communications), uMTC (critical MTC) and xMBB (Extended Massive BroadBand) communications coupled with partially distributed, trusted, end-to-end security and MCM to enable secure, scalable and energy efficient communications; iii) extended Mobile Edge Computing (xMEC) micro-clouds to reduce backhaul load, increase the overall network capacity and reduce delays, while facilitating the deployment of generic MTC related NFVs (Network Function Virtualisation) and utility-centric VNFs (Virtual Network Functions).

Keywords—Smart energy grids; 5G; preventive maintenance, resilience; demand response; Machine Type Communications; Virtual Network Functions. I.

 

INTRODUCTION

The wide deployment of IoT devices, broadband and mission critical services along with a large variety of scenarios, ranging from smart city to factory automation, are paving the way for a novel and disruptive 5G communication network, which will enable huge capacity, zero delay, faster service development, elasticity and optimal deployment, less energy consumption, enhanced security, privacy by design and connectivity to billions of devices with less predictable traffic patterns. Accordingly, the next generation network should be capable of handling the complex context of operations and support an increasingly diverse set of new and emerging services, all of them with extremely diverging requirements, which will push mobile network performance and capabilities to their limits. Furthermore, it should provide flexible, smart and scalable adaptation and/or association of the available network resources to the requirements of the supported services, enabling a dramatic paradigm shift from legacy CAPEX to the OPEX “Everything-as-a-Service” driven business models.

Although a variety of software frameworks and reference architectures have already made available for 5G enabling technologies, there is still a clear gap to bridge for 5G seamless deployment within a number of “vertical” sectors such as smart grid and smart city, which pose significant new requirements. Among others, the energy “vertical” represents one of the most demanding “use/test case” for 5G enabling technologies, mainly due to the need of addressing a huge range of very diverse requirements to deal with across a variety of applications (stringent capacity for massive smart metering/AMI (Advanced Manufacturing Infrastructure) services versus stringent latency for supervisory control and fault localization) [1]. As a matter of fact, the combined effect of growing penetration of distributed Renewable Energy Sources (RES) in the generation portfolio together with the European Union’s “Customer Centric Energy Systems” vision, which aims at turning energy consumers into active “prosumers”, are dramatically changing the way in which energy distribution grids operate. To underline the penetration of RES with unpredictable energy generation patterns integration, please consider that on 15 May 2016, RES supplied nearly all of German domestic electricity demand[2] while the political importance is evident by the agreement that took place on 6 June between the North Sea region countries (Belgium, Denmark, France, Germany, Ireland, Luxembourg, the Netherlands, Norway and Sweden) to create good conditions for the development of offshore wind energy [3].

Technological advances, political visions and market liberation are transforming the energy network from a closed, monolithic and highly predictable infrastructure to an open, multi-owned, decentralized ecosystem and pose huge challenges, both in functional (i.e. stability, resiliency and highly availability) and in non-functional (i.e. sustainability, security, privacy and CAPEX/OPEX) directions. In this new and time varying energy landscape, 5G initiative is challenged to guarantee optimal communications of the energy grid, which is believed to be the most complex, heterogeneous and gigantic machine ever made in human history.

In particular “last mile” of the smart energy network has the highest potential for demonstrating the added value of the 5G unified approach. While smart energy grids observability (in particular in the case of smart electricity grid) is already in place in the High and mostly in the Medium Voltage branches of the energy networks, situational awareness of Low Voltage/Low Pressure branches is lagging behind. The state of the art is actually for substation-level/pumps monitoring via SCADA, without considering real time energy consumption or energy production feedback from prosumer, which would allow a finer-grained prediction of the demand and an improved load balancing of the energy networks. Hence smart energy “last mile” network represents an ideal vertical for extensive 5G deployment, where different applications with different requirements have to be managed: • Smart Grid applications, such as supervisory monitoring (cyber monitoring and physical/aerial surveillance), fault localization, isolation/self-healing and energy re-routing, requiring more stringent latency, highest availability and security (Mission Critical) • Advanced metering applications enabling the massive and lock-in free integration of end-users’ infrastructure requesting more stringent capacity and privacy (Massive IoT application) • A combination of the above such as smart Electric Vehicle charging, where 5G technology should be able to incorporate and address both latency and capacity more stringent requirements.

Beyond applications requirements, significant challenges are posed from the energy infrastructure complexity and heterogeneity. The huge diversity in variables such as population density, service territory size, control and monitoring technology, terrain and topology, power plants location and fuel, RES capabilities and budget of utilities for new deployments, as well as the different bandwidth and latency requirements of applications within each utility, has resulted in the deployment and management of several, legacy communication solutions. Only 24% of utilities manage just one communications network, with 58% of utilities have between 2 to 6 operating networks, 14% between 7 to 10, and 4% have 10 or more networks[4], with a significant complexity and financial burden to manage.

In this paper, we focus on the exploration of requirements and identification of innovative concepts to be contributed to the 5G PPP/5G Initiative research and development activities towards the realization of a Smart Energy as a Service use case that will stress 5G current results. We aim to advance beyond state-of-the-art in virtualization-based communication networks technologies, making them suitable to support Smart Energy as a Service at large Scale, placing emphasis on security, privacy, trust and high availability. This work was developed in the framework of H2020 -NRG-5 project which aims to additionally deliver innovative open-source prototypes, state of the art laboratory experiments and heterogeneous reallife trials to draw valuable. The rest of the paper is organized as follows: in section II we explore the main challenges that smart grid operations impose on 5G technologies. These challenges have been validated by smart grid operators from the NRG-5 consortium. Then, in section III, we define novel concepts that can efficiently address these challenges and are in line with the 5G technology principle and vision. In section IV we propose a novel architecture that proposes concrete developments that are required to make 5G technology a perfect enabler for next generation smart grid operations. Finally, section V concludes the article.  

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